Articles

Selected Journal Articles and Book Chapters

2024

"Multilateral Counterinsurgency in East Africa," Small Wars & Insurgencies, OnlineFirst, 2 July 2024.
"Peacekeeping Armies: How the politics of peace operations shape military organizations," International Affairs, 100:3 (2024): 919-939. With N. Wilén.
"The Somali National Army Versus al-Shabaab: A Net Assessment," CTC Sentinel, 17:4 (April 2024): 35-43.
"Peacekeepers and Political Stability in Somalia," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 12 Feb. 2024.
“Two Decades of Civilian Protection Mandates for United Nations Peacekeepers” in J. Welsh, D. Akande, D. Rodin (eds.), The Individualization of War (Oxford University Press, 2024), pp.220-244.

2023

"Conventional Insurgents: Understanding al-Shabaab's Mass Attacks Against African Union Bases in Somalia," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, OnlineFirst (27 Apr. 2023).
"How Peacekeepers Fight: Assessing Combat Effectiveness in United Nations Peace Operations," Security Studies, 32:1 (2023): 32-65.
"The Political Economy of Peace Operations in Somalia" in M. Berdal & J. Sherman (eds.), The Political Economy of Civil War and UN Peace Operations (Routledge, 2023), pp.279-305. With K. Menkhaus.
"Emerging Technologies" in P.D. Williams & M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: An Introduction (Routledge, 4th edition, 2023), pp.631-650.
"War" in P.D. Williams & M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: An Introduction (Routledge, 4th edition, 2023), pp.202-218.

2021

"The United Nations and Partnership Peacekeeping in Theory and Practice" in A. Novosseloff (ed.), Le Conseil de Securite des Nations Unies (CNRS Editions, 2nd edn, 2021), pp.211-235. [in French]
"Peace operations are what states make of them: Why future evolution is more likely than extinction," Contemporary Security Policy, 42:2 (2021): 241-255. With K.P. Coleman.
"How United Nations Peacekeeping Works," International Peacekeeping, 28:1 (2021): 163-173.
“Learning Lessons from Peace Operations in Africa" in T. McNamee & M. Muyangwa (eds.), The State of Peacebuilding in Africa (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2021), pp.15-32.

2020

"The Future of Peace Operations: A Scenario Analysis, 2020-2030," Future of Peacekeeping project, United Nations, July 2020.
"The Security Council's peacekeeping trilemma," International Affairs, 96:2 (2020): 479-499.
“Building the Somali National Army: Anatomy of a Failure, 2008-2018," Journal of Strategic Studies, 43:3 (2020): 366-391.

2019

"Urban peacekeeping under siege: attacks on African Union peacekeepers in Mogadishu, 2007-09," Third World Thematics, 4:2-3 (2019): 158-78. With E. Elfversson & S. Lindberg Bromley.

2018

“The African Union and coercive diplomacy: The case of Burundi,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 56:4 (2018): 673-96. With N. Wilén.
"Subduing al-Shabaab: The Somalia Model of Counterterrorism and Its Limits," The Washington Quarterly, 41:2 (2018): 95-111.
"Strategic Communications for Peace Operations: The African Union’s Information War against al-Shabaab," Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 7:1 (2018), p.3.
"Joining AMISOM: Why six African states contributed troops to the African Union Mission in Somalia," Journal of Eastern African Studies, 12:1 (2018): 172-192.

2017

"Continuity and Change in War and Conflict in Africa," Prism, 6:4 (2017): 33-45.
"Global and Regional Peacekeepers: Trends, Opportunities, Risks and a Way Ahead," Global Policy, 8:1 (Feb. 2017): 124-129.
"The United Kingdom and UN Peacekeeping" in C. de Coning, C. Aoi and J. Karlsrud (eds.), UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era (Routledge, 2017), pp.68-89. With D. Curran.

2016

"The United Kingdom and United Nations Peace Operations," International Peacekeeping, 23:5 (2016): 630-651. With D. Curran.
"AMISOM Under Review," RUSI Journal, 161:1 (2016): 40-49.
"The Responsibility to Protect, Protection of Civilians, and UN Peacekeeping Operations" in A.J. Bellamy and T. Dunne (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp.524-44.
"United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa" in P. Aall & C. Crocker (eds.), Minding the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change (Canada: CIGI Press, 2016), pp.239-56.
"Les Nations Unies et les partenariats pour le maintien de la paix: Theorie et practice" [The UN and Partnership Peacekeeping in Theory and Practice] in A. Novosseloff (ed.), Le Conseil de Securite des Nations Unies (Paris: CNRS Editions, 2016), pp.199-222.

2015

"Libya" in S. von Einsiedel, D. Malone and B.S. Ugarte (eds), The United Nations Security Council in the 21st Century (Lynne Rienner, 2015), pp.699-716. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Regional Arrangements and the Use of Force" in C. Crocker, F.O. Hampson, P. Aall (eds.), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (US Institute of Peace Press, 2015), pp.331-344.
"Trends in Peace Operations, 1947-2013" in J.A. Koops et al (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Oxford University Press, 2015), pp.13-42. With A.J. Bellamy.
"UNOSOM I" in J.A. Koops et al (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Oxford University Press, 2015), pp.408-15.
"UNOSOM II" in J.A. Koops et al (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Oxford University Press, 2015), pp.429-42.
"Peace Operations in Africa: Patterns, Problems and Prospects" in New Trends in Peacekeeping (Tokyo: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2015), pp.37-60.

2014

"Reflections on the Evolving African Peace and Security Architecture," African Security, 7:3 (2014): 147-162.
"After Westgate: Challenges and opportunities in the war against al-Shabaab," International Affairs, 90:4 (2014): 907-23.
"Stabilising Somalia: The African Union Mission and the Next Stage in the War against Al-Shabaab," RUSI Journal, 159:2 (2014): 52-60.
"Partnership peacekeeping: Challenges and opportunities in the United Nations-African Union relationship," African Affairs, Vol.113, No.451 (2014): 254-278. With A. Boutellis.
"The hidden costs of outsourcing the “war on terrorism” in Africa" in M. Kandel (ed.), La Strategie Americaine en Afrique (Paris: Etude de L’IRSEM no.36, Dec. 2014), pp.66-79. With B. Bruton.

2013

"Fighting for Peace in Somalia: AMISOM’s Seven Strategic Challenges," Journal of International Peacekeeping, 17:3-4 (2013): 222-47.
"Protection, Resilience and Empowerment: United Nations Peacekeeping and Violence Against Civilians in Contemporary War Zones," Politics, 33:4 (2013): 287-98.
"The African Union Mission in Somalia and Civilian Protection Challenges," Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, (2013), 2(2): 39.
"The Security Culture of the African Union" in S. Aris and A. Wenger (eds.), Regional Organizations and Security: Conceptions and Practices (Routledge, 2013), pp.21-40.
"Regional and Global Legitimacy Dynamics: The United Nations and Regional Arrangements" in D. Zaum (ed.), Legitimating International Organizations (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp.41-62.
"The UN Security Council and Peace Operations" in T. Weiss and R. Wilkinson (eds.), International Organization and Global Governance (Routledge, 2013), pp.415-28. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Humanitarian Military Intervention after the Responsibility to Protect: Obstacles and Prospects" in J. Aspel and E. Verdeja (eds.), Genocide Matters (Routledge, 2013), pp.150-71.
"Somalia" in J. Boulden (ed.), Responding to Conflict in Africa (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2nd ed., 2013), pp.257-81.
"The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: A Framework for Evaluation" in T. Murithi & H. Lulie (eds.), The African Union Peace and Security Council: A Five Year Appraisal (Pretoria: ISS Monograph No.187, 2013), pp.7-21.

2012

"Local Politics and International Partnerships: The UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)," Journal of International Peacekeeping, 16:3-4 (2012): 252-81. With A.J. Bellamy.
"AMISOM," RUSI Journal, Vol.157, No.5 (2012): 32-45.
"On the Limits of Moral Hazard: “The Responsibility to Protect,” Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities," European Journal of International Relations, 18:3 (2012): 539-71. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Principles, Politics and Prudence: Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Use of Force," Global Governance, 18:3 (2012): 273-97. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Britain, the European Union and Africa" in A. Adebajo and K. Whiteman (eds.), The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa (Columbia University Press, 2012), pp.343-64.

2011

"The Responsibility Not to Veto," Global Responsibility to Protect, 3:3 (2011): 301-22. With A. Blätter.
"A reply to Levine," Global Responsibility to Protect, 3:3 (2011): 346-51. With A. Blätter.
"The New Politics of Protection? Côte d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect," International Affairs, 87:4 (2011): 825-50. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Briefing: The Road to Humanitarian War in Libya," Global Responsibility to Protect, 3:2 (2011): 248-59.
"Training and Equipping Peacekeepers" in Don Kraus et al (eds.), U.S. Engagement in International Peacekeeping (Washington DC: Partnership for Effective Peacekeeping, Oct. 2011), pp.50-65.
"Regional Approaches to Conflict Management" in C. Crocker, F.O. Hampson, P. Aall (eds.), Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World (US Institute of Peace Press, 2011), pp.49-74. With J. Haacke.
"US-UK Cooperation in Africa" in T. Chafer and G. Cumming (eds.), From Rivalry to Partnership? New Approaches to the Challenges of Africa (Ashgate, 2011), pp.107-22.

2010

"Explaining and Understanding Security Cooperation in Africa," African Security Review, 19:2 (2010): 97-105.
"Britain and Africa in the Twenty-First Century’ in J. Mangala (ed.), Africa and the New World Era (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010), pp.37-51.
"Protecting Civilians in Uncivil Wars" in S. Davies and L. Glanville (eds.), Protecting the Displaced: Deepening the Responsibility to Protect (Brill, 2010), pp.127-61. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Peace Operations" in R. A. Denemark (ed.), The International Studies Encyclopedia, Volume IX (Blackwell, 2010), pp.5551-5578.

2009

"The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: Evaluating an embryonic international institution," Journal of Modern African Studies, 47:4 (2009): 603-26.
"The African Union’s Peace Operations: A Comparative Analysis," African Security, 2:2-3 (2009): 97-118.
"Into the Mogadishu Maelstrom: The African Union Mission in Somalia," International Peacekeeping, 16:4 (2009): 514-30.
"The “responsibility to protect,” norm localization, and African international society," Global Responsibility to Protect, 1:3 (2009): 392-416.
"The West and Contemporary Peace Operations," Journal of Peace Research, 46:1 (2009): 39-57. With A.J. Bellamy.
"The Peacekeeping System, Britain and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide" in P. Clark and Z. Kaufman (eds.), After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond (Hurst/Columbia University Press, 2009), pp.43-63.

2008

"Regional Arrangements, Securitization and Transnational Security Challenges: The African Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations compared," Security Studies, 17:4 (2008): 775-809. With J. Haacke.
"Keeping the Peace in Africa: Why “African” solutions are not enough," Ethics and International Affairs, 22:3 (2008): 309-29.
"Regional Arrangements and Transnational Security Challenges: The African Union and the Limits of Securitization Theory," African Security, 1:1 (2008): 2-23.
"Security Culture, Transnational Challenges and the Economic Community of West African States," Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 26:2 (2008): 119-36. With J. Haacke.
"Political Culture, State Elites and Regional Insecurity in West Africa," Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 26:2 (2008): 137-49. With I. Taylor.
"Conclusions: Security Culture and Transnational Challenges – ECOWAS in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 26:2 (2008): 213-22. With J. Haacke.
"Security Studies, 9/11 and the Long War" in A.J. Bellamy, R. Bleiker, R. Devetak, S. Davies (eds.), Security and the War on Terror (Routledge, 2008), pp.9-24.

2007

"Thinking about security in Africa," International Affairs, 83:6 (2007): 1021-38.
"From Non-Intervention to Non-Indifference: The Origins and Development of the African Union’s Security Culture," African Affairs, 106, No.423 (April 2007): 253-79.
"Peace Operations’ in S. Cheldelin, D. Druckman, L. Fast (eds.), Conflict: From Analysis to Intervention (Continuum, 2nd ed., 2007), pp.330-54. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Redesigning UK Foreign Policy" in D. Held and D. Mepham (eds.), Progressive Foreign Policy (Polity/IPPR, 2007), pp.231-51. With Leni Wild.
"Contemporary Peace Operations: Four Challenges for the Brahimi Paradigm" in H. Langholtz, B. Kondoch, A. Wells (eds.), International Peacekeeping: The Yearbook of International Peace Operations Vol.11 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007), pp.1-28. With A.J. Bellamy.

2006

"The African Union: Prospects for Regional Peacekeeping after Burundi and Sudan," Review of African Political Economy, 33, No. 108 (2006): 352-57.
"The UN Security Council and the Question of Humanitarian Intervention in Darfur," Journal of Military Ethics, 5:2 (2006): 144-60. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Military Responses to Mass Killing: The African Union Mission in Sudan," International Peacekeeping, 13:2 (2006): 168-83.

2005

"Blair’s Commission for Africa: Problems and Prospects for UK Policy," The Political Quarterly, 76:4 (2005): 529-39.
"Blair’s Britain and the Commonwealth," The Round Table, 94, No. 380 (July 2005): 381-91.
"Who’s Keeping the Peace? Regionalization and Contemporary Peace Operations," International Security, 29:4 (2005): 157-95. With A.J. Bellamy.
"The Responsibility to protect and the Crisis in Darfur," Security Dialogue, 36:1 (2005): 27-47. With A.J. Bellamy.
"International peacekeeping: the challenges of state-building and regionalization," International Affairs, 81:1 (2005): 163-74.

2004

"Who’s making UK foreign policy?" International Affairs, 80:5 (2004): 911-29.
"La Grand-Bretagne de Tony Blair et l’Afrique" [Tony Blair’s Britain and Africa], Politique Africaine, Nº 94 (June, 2004): 105-27.
"Thinking anew about peace operations," International Peacekeeping, 11:1 (2004): 1-15. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Peace Operations and the International Financial Institutions: Insights from Rwanda and Sierra Leone," International Peacekeeping, 11:1 (2004): 103-23.
"What Future for Peace Operations? Brahimi and beyond," International Peacekeeping, 11:1 (2004): 183-212. With A.J. Bellamy.
"Britannia Waived the Rules: The Major Government and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide," African Affairs, Vol.103, No.410 (2004): 1-22. With L. Melvern.
"Critical Security Studies" in A.J. Bellamy (ed.), International Society and its Critics (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp.135-50.

2003

"A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Empire, intellectuals and the Chatham House project, 1919-1939," International Relations, 17:1 (2003): 35-58.

2002

"The Limits of Engagement: British Foreign Policy and the Crisis in Zimbabwe," International Affairs, 78:3 (2002): 547-65. With I. Taylor.
"The Rise and Fall of the ‘Ethical Dimension’: Presentation and practice in New Labour’s foreign policy," Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 15:1 (2002): 53-63.
"Britain and Southern Africa: A Third Way or Business as Usual?" in K. Adar and R. Ajulu (eds.), Globalization and Emerging Trends in African States Foreign Policy-Making Process (Ashgate, 2002), pp.307-28. With R. Abrahamsen.

2001

"Fighting for Freetown: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone," Contemporary Security Policy, 22:3 (2001): 140-68.
"Indifference and Intervention: International Society and Human Rights in Africa," International Journal of Human Rights, 5:2 (2001): 140-53.
"Ethics and Foreign Policy: The antinomies of New Labour’s ‘Third Way’ in Sub-Saharan Africa," Political Studies, 49:2 (2001): 249-64. With R. Abrahamsen.
"Tough on Debt, Tough on the Causes of Debt? New Labour’s Third Way Foreign Policy," British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 3:2 (2001): 150-72. With R. Dixon.
"South African Foreign Policy and the Great Lakes Crisis: African Renaissance meets Vagabondage Politique?" African Affairs, Vol.100, No.399 (2001): 265-86. With I. Taylor.

2000

"South African Foreign Policy: Getting Critical?" Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 27:1 (2000): 73-91.
"Neo-liberalism and the Political Economy of the “New” South Africa," New Political Economy, 5:1 (2000): 21-40. With I. Taylor.

1999

"Reflections on the ‘new’ South Africa," African Affairs, Vol.98, No.392 (1999): 417-21.